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Eratostene: determinarea razei Pamantului
Bazandu-se pe aceasta idee geometrica simpla, evidenta, Eratostene, care a trait la Alexandria, intre anii 275-195 =EE .C., a reusit sa determine, pentru prima oara, raza Pamantului; in plus, determinarea lui Eratostene a fost deosebit de precisa, avand in vedere mijloacele utilizate.
Dar, pentru a realiza aceasta determinare, Eratostene a dispus, in afara de “idee”, si de observatiile efectuate in doua locuri diferite de pe un acelasi meridian geografic.
Mai precis, este vorba despre Alexandria si Syena (azi Assuan), aflate aproximativ pe acelasi meridian, de-a lungul caruia curge Nilul. Intre cele doua orase circulau in mod frecvent caravane, distanta dintre ele fiind astfel relativ precis cunoscuta; ea se considera a fi de 5000 de stadii (1 stadie = 157,5 m).
Ei bine, Eratostene fiind bibliotecar la celebra biblioteca din Alexandria, a citit relatarile de calatorie la Syena si a retinut din acestea un fapt interesant: in ziua solstitiului de vara (deci, in “miezul verii”), la Syena Soarele ajungea la amiaza atat de sus pe cer, incat el lumina “direct” fundul unui put adanc de apa!
Cu alte cuvinte, Soarele trecea la meridian, la Syena, CHIAR LA ZENIT, atingand verticala locului; inaltimea sa unghiulara era, deci, de 90 de grade.Ori, la Alexandria, in aceeasi zi de solstitiu, inaltimea maxima a Soarelui (deci, la meridian) era cu 7 gr 12′ mai mica de 90 ! Reprezentandu-si situatia din planul meridian al celor doua localitati, stiind ca Soarele se afla – la amiaza – in acest plan, Eratostene a mai facut o ipoteza suplimentara: a presupus ca Soarele este infinit de departe, in raport cu distanta dintre cele doua orase.
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